2012년 3월6일 한국전자통신연구원 책임연구원/공학박사 조영조
오늘 1930년대 프랑스 파리의 기차역을 배경으로 세계 최초의 극영화 감독 조르주 멜리어스의 자동인형에 얽힌 사연을 다룬 3D 영화 ‘휴고’를 보고 왔다. 배경은 영화가 처음 제작되던 시기로 고전적인 파리의 느낌을 주고 있었으나 영화 자체는 최첨단의 3D 기법을 활용함으로써 마치 타임머신을 타고 그 시대로 옮겨가 있는 착각이 들 정도였다.
영화에서 등장하는 자동인형은 1928년 일본의 생물학자 마코토 니시무라가 1928년에 탁자 위에 앉아 ‘오사카(大阪)’란 글씨를 쓰도록 만든 금색의 부처 로봇 ‘가쿠텐쇼쿠(學天則)’와 그 형태가 매우 닮아 있었다. 영화 스토리 안에서 조르주 감독의 화려했던 과거 명성과 어려운 현실 사이의 연결고리로 등장하는 자동인형은 영화의 한 장면을 그림으로 그려내고 그 일부 부품을 떼어 영사기를 만들 정도로 당시 최고의 기술 수준을 자랑하는 물건으로 비추어진다.
사실 세계 최초의 자동인형은 프랑스 발명가 쟈크 드 보캉송이 1737년에 만든 ‘플루트 연주자’로서 태엽에 감긴 기계음이 아니라 손가락과 입술 및 들숨과 날숨을 이용해 곡을 연주하도록 제작된 바 있다. 2년 후인 1739년 그는 기계 오리가 곡물을 소화하고 배설하는 동작을 보여주는 일명 ‘소화하는 오리’를 400여개의 기계 부품을 조합하여 만들어 루이 15세의 궁정에서 시연해 보이기도 하였다.
그로부터 100년쯤 뒤인 1840년 경 에도시대의 일본에서는 일본의 에디슨으로 일컬어지는 도시바의 창업자 히사시게 타나카가 ‘카라쿠리 인형’이라는 혁신적인 자동인형을 발명하여 대중들에게 선보이게 된다. 손님에게 차를 날라주고 되돌아오는 인형, 화살 통에서 화살을 뽑아 과녁에 조준하여 활을 쏘는 인형, 붓에 먹물을 묻혀 지정된 한자를 쓰는 인형이 지금도 볼 수 있는 대표작들인데, 이들이 일본의 앞선 인간형 로봇 제작 기술의 원천이 되었다.
프랑스와 일본을 중심으로 만들어졌던 이러한 자동인형들은 주로 취미나 오락을 위한 전시용으로 선보여졌었다. 그 후, 1921년 체코의 극작가 카렐차펙이 희곡 “로썸의 유니버설 로봇(R.U.R)”에서 인간에 의해 강요된 노동을 하도록 만들어진 생산품을 로봇으로 부르면서 다양한 형태의 자동기계들이 로봇이란 이름으로 등장하기 시작하였다. 1962년 미국 유니메이션사가 ‘유니메이트’라는 부품을 집어 나르는 팔 모양의 로봇을 만들어 공장에 투입하면서 로봇이 제조업에 사용되기 시작하였고, 이는 제조업용 로봇이 로봇의 주류를 이루게 하는 계기가 되었다. 1990년대에 들어와서는 제조업에서 로봇의 사용이 포화상태에 이르게 되면서, 인간에게 오락이나 가사 및 의료복지 서비스 등을 제공해주는 서비스 로봇이 각광을 받게 되었고 그 추세는 지금까지 이어져 오고 있는 것이다.
영화 휴고에서 등장하는 자동인형은 외형적인 측면 이외에도 다음 두 가지 관점에서 이 시대의 로봇과 많이 닮아 있다. 첫째, 당대 최고의 과학기술을 상징한다는 점이다. 시계를 맞추는 기계식 태엽을 이용하여 영화의 한 장면을 그려내도록 만들어진 자동인형은 뛰거나 계단을 오르내리는 현대의 인간형 로봇처럼 그 시대의 과학기술이 만들어낼 수 있는 최고의 걸작품인 것이다. 둘째, 부분품으로 성능 좋은 제품을 만들 수 있었다는 점이다. 자동인형의 부품으로 영사기를 만들어 낸 것처럼 우리 시대에서 로봇을 구성하는 센서와 인식기술, 판단과 표현 기술들이 스마트폰이나 무인자동차처럼 이전의 전화기나 기계전자 장치들을 더욱 스마트하게 바꾸어 놓고 있다.
이러한 닮은꼴의 두 제품은 100년 전이나 지금이나 모두 과학기술 발달의 결실로서 우리에게 큰 의미를 갖는다. 더불어, 영화에서 자동인형이 그랬던 것처럼 이 시대의 로봇이 우리에게 더욱 따뜻함과 이로움을 주는 과학기술로 발전했으면 하는 바람이다.
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