[과학칼럼] 생명체를 모방하여 로봇 동작을 획기적으로 개선한다

2012년 8월19일 한국전자통신연구원 책임연구원/공학박사 조영조

지난 10일 미국 매사추세츠공대(MIT)는 하버드대와 서울대 연구팀과 공동으로 지렁이처럼 꿈틀거리며 움직이는 로봇 ‘메쉬스웜’을 개발했다고 발표하였다. 메쉬스웜은 말 그대로 그물망(mesh)처럼 형상기억합금을 배치하여 온도 조절에 의해 수축과 이완 작용을 반복함으로써 지렁이처럼 나아가게 설계되어 있다. 유튜브를 통해 공개된 영상을 보면 그물망으로 배치된 외피 인공근육에 의해 꿈틀꿈틀 앞으로 움직이는 모습이 마치 살아있는 민달팽이를 연상시키며, 망치로 내려쳐도 망가지지 않고 움직임을 계속할 정도로 튼튼한 것이 신기하기 그지없다. 가혹한 환경도 견뎌내며 어떠한 지형이든지 천천히 움직이며 환경 정보를 습득할 수 있다는 점에서 군사 정찰이나 의료 내시경 같은 분야에서 효과적으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 예상된다.

이 연구팀의 주축 멤버는 스탠포드대학 재학시절 도마뱀처럼 유리벽을 수직으로 올라가는 ‘스티키봇’을 개발한 바 있는 MIT의 김상배 교수이다. 스티키봇은 도마뱀이 발바닥에 돋아있는 무수한 돌기를 이용하여 벽을 수직으로 오를 수 있다는 점에 착안한 것으로서, 보스턴다이나믹스사에서 ‘라이즈(RiSE)’란 이름으로 만들어졌다. 김 교수는 MIT에 합류하면서 세계에서 가장 빨리 달리는 동물인 치타의 운동능력을 분석하고 모방하는 연구를 제안하여 보스턴다이나믹스와 함께 진행해오고 있는데, 지난 3월 시속 29km의 로봇 세계신기록을 달성하는 동영상을 공개한 바 있다. 보스턴다이나믹스는 이 로봇이 올해 내로 우사인 볼트의 순간시속 기록(44km/h)을 뛰어넘는 최대 48km/h의 속도를 달성할 것을 기대하고 있다고 한다.

MIT의 스핀오프 회사로 1992년 창업된 보스턴다이나믹스는 창업주 마크 레이버트 교수의 연구 시작품인 4발 달린 뛰는 로봇을 개량하여 험지에서도 짐을 싣고 개처럼 잘 달릴 수 있는 로봇 ‘빅독’을 발표하면서 생체모방로봇의 메카로 알려져 왔다. 현재의 빅독은 340파운드(약 154kg)의 짐을 싣고 35도 경사지를 오르내리며 시속 4마일의 속도로 12.8마일을 쉬지 않고 달릴 수 있을 정도로 훌륭한 성능을 보이고 있다. 빅독의 동작 동영상을 보면 사람이 발로 힘껏 밀어도 쓰러지지 않고 동작하는 안정성까지도 확보하고 있어 미래에 병사 보조로봇으로서의 활약이 기대되고 있다.

한편, 공중을 나는 새의 동작을 모방한 로봇도 발표되어 눈길을 끌고 있다. 작년 7월 독일의 로봇기업 페스토(Festo)는 새처럼 날개 짓하며 공중을 나는 날개 길이 1.96m 무게 450g의 ‘스마트버드’를 TED 학술회의에서 발표하고 시연한 바 있다. 지금까지 하늘을 나는 비행기나 무인항공기 같은 것들은 새의 움직임과 거리가 멀어 이착륙할 때 활주로를 필요로 했으나, 스마트 버드는 새처럼 가벼운 무게로 어디서나 자유롭게 상하 좌우로 방향을 틀며 날 수 있어 보는 이들의 탄성을 불러일으키기에 충분하였다.

일전에 폐막된 여수엑스포에서는 물고기의 헤엄치는 동작을 모방한 물고기 로봇이 많은 입장객들로부터 관심을 모았다고 한다. 관상용 물고기 로봇은 이미 2001년 일본 미쓰비시 중공업이 일본해양박물관에서 선보인 바 있었고, 2009년 영국 에섹스대학과 BMT 그룹은 수질오염탐지 물고기로봇을 개발하여 스페인 북부해안에서 시험가동을 마친 바 있다. 우리나라에서도 하천 수질감시용 물고기로봇의 기술개발을 현재 수행 중에 있다.

이처럼 지구상 여러 환경에서 잘 살아가고 있는 동물들로부터 원리를 배워 로봇의 동작을 획기적으로 개선시키고자 하는 연구가 다각도로 진행되고 있다. 지렁이부터 파리, 개, 새, 물고기에 이르기까지 동물들은 주어진 환경에서 가장 잘 대응하도록 진화된 움직임을 보여주고 있다. 지금까지 로봇은 정해진 환경에서 주로 모터를 이용하여 답답한 움직임을 보여주었다면, 미래에는 동물들의 특화된 움직임을 모방하여 자연스러운 동작을 보여주는 로봇이 대세를 이루게 될 것이다.

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